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Pathways of Neurogenic and Humoral Control in the
Vestibulosympathetic Reflex of Conscious Rats
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Guang Shi Jin, Gyoung Wan Lee, Sang Eon Park, Yuan Zhe Jin, Byung Rim Park
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Res Vestib Sci. 2015;14(4):110-116.
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 Abstract
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- Objective: The vestibular system contributes control of blood pressure during postural
changes through the vestibulosympathetic reflex. In the vestibulosympathetic reflex,
afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors are transmitted to the vestibular
nuclei, rostral ventrolateral medullary nuclei, and then to the intermediolateral cell
column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. Physiological characteristics of the vestibulosympathetic
reflex in terms of neurogenic and humoral control of blood pressure
were investigated in this study.
Methods
Conscious rats with sinoaortic denervation were used for removal of
baroreceptors in reflex control of blood pressure, and hypotension was induced by
intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Expression of c-Fos protein was
measured in the medial vestibular nuclei (MVN), rostral vestrolateral medullary nuclei
(RVLM), and intermediolateral cell column (IMC) in T4-7, and levels of blood
epinephrine were measured following SNP-induced hypotension.
Results
SNP-induced hypotension significantly increased expression of c-Fos protein
in the MVN, RVLM, and IMC, also significantly increased level of blood epinephrine
compared to normotensive control animals.
Conclusion
These results suggest that the vestibulosympathetic reflex regulates blood
pressure through neurogenic control including MVN, RVLM, and IMC, also through
humoral control including epinephrine secretion by the adrenal medulla following
SNP-induced hypotension. The physiological characteristics of the reflex may contribute
to basic treatment of impairment of blood pressure control during postural changes.
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Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Medial Vestibular Nucleus Following Acute Hypotension in Rats
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Myoung Ae Choi, Nari Kim, Sang Eon Park, Byung Geon Park, Min Sun Kim, Byung Rim Park
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Res Vestib Sci. 2012;11(4):131-137.
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Abstract
- Background and Objectives: Acute hypotension induces expression of c-Fos protein and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), and glutamate release in the vestibular nuclei. Expression of c-Fos protein and pERK is mediated by the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate. In this study, the signaling pathway of glutamate in the vestibular nuclei following acute hypotension was investigated. Materials and Methods: Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) was measured by Western blotting in the medial vestibular nucleus following acute hypotension in rats. Results: Expression of pGluR1 Ser831, a subtype of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, peaked at 30 minutes after acute hypotension insult, and expression of pNR2B, a subtype of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, peaked at 2 hours after acute hypotension insult. Acute hypotension induced expression of Homer1a and group I mGluR in the medial vestibular nucleus. Expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 peaked at 6 hours following acute hypotension insults. Conclusion: These results suggest that afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors, resulting from acute hypotension insult, are transmitted through group I mGluRs as well as AMPA and NMDA receptors in the vestibular system.
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Application of Force Sensitive Resistors on Evaluation of Vestibulospinal Reflex Induced by Galvanic Stimulation
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Sang Eon Park, Jin Hee Park, Min Sun Kim, Ho Choon Jeong, Byung Rim Park
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Res Vestib Sci. 2011;10(3):92-99.
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Abstract
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- Background and Objectives: Force sensitive resistors (FSR) were used to measure the body sway to galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and compared with the response obtained from force platform in normal subjects. Materials and Methods: Bipolar galvanic stimulation was applied to the bilateral mastoid process with intensity of 0.5-1.5 mA and duration of 1 sec in 3 different head positions of forward, rightward, and leftward. Results: Elevation of anterior pressure curve and depression of posterior pressure curve resulting from forward body sway were recorded in both feet by FSR. Forward body sway induced forward deviation of the center of pressure in force platform. Elevation of pressure curve in left foot and depression of the curve in right foot resulting from leftward body sway were recorded by FSR. Leftward body sway induced left deviation of the center of pressure in force platform. Orientation of the body sway induced by GVS was directed towards the anode side in the head facing forwards. Leftward and backward body sway resulting from cathodal stimulation on left mastoid process in leftward rotation of the head position and leftward and forward body sway resulting from cathodal stimulation on left mastoid process in rightward rotation of the head position were recorded by both FSR and force platform. Reaction time of GVS did not show any significant difference between FSR and force platform. Conclusion: These results indicate that FSR could be used to evaluate the vestibulospinal reflex to GVS.
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